Ten Daily Electronic Common Sense-Section 94

What is the latest development technology of MCU?

One is Europe and the United States. Such as National Semiconductor’s COP8 series MCU, Philips’ 51 series MCU, AMD’s l86 series l6-bit embedded MCU, ST’s ST62 series MCU, MiCROCHIP’s PIC series MCU, Motorola’s various series of MCUs, and Infineon technologies’ MCUs C500 and Cl66 series, etc.
The second is Japan. For example, TOSHIBA has developed multi-series microcontrollers from 4-bit to 64-bit, Hitachi also has microcontrollers from 4-bit to 32-bit, FUJITSU Microelectronics’ F2MC-8L microcontroller series, 0KI Electronics’ MSM80, MSM66, MSM63 series microcontrollers, NEC 75X and 78X series microcontrollers.
The third is Taiwan. Such as WINBOND’s W741/W536, W78/W, 77 series of microcontrollers, Hohek’s HT46/47/48 “9cxx series of microcontrollers, EMC’s E78 series of microcontrollers and so on.
The fourth is South Korea. Such as Hyundai microelectronics’ GMS800 and GMS30 series microcontrollers. In addition, LG and other companies also produce microcontrollers.

What is the SCART interface？

SCART is a mandatory requirement in Europe to complete the interconnection and interoperability of satellite TV receivers, TV sets, video recorders and other audio and video equipment.
The standard SCART interface is a 21-pin connector that defines both audio and video signal transmission channels. Therefore, SCART on LCD-TV is generally only applicable in Europe, but if the customer’s player has this interface, it can also be connected for use.

What are the main reasons for the difference in sensor nodes between time points in sensor networks?

Nodes start timing at different initial times. The quartz crystal at each node may beat at a different frequency, causing a gradual deviation of the clock value, known as offset error.
Over time, clock aging or changes in clock frequency due to changes in the surrounding environment, such as temperature, are called drift errors.

What is working bandwidth?

It means that the repeater does not maintain the same gain in the entire frequency band in actual work. Instead, it maintains a certain gain within a frequency range that matches the bandwidth of the wireless signal.
Generally, the gain is the largest at the center frequency of the wireless signal, and the farther to the two sides of the center frequency of the wireless signal, the lower the gain. Outside the bandwidth of the wireless signal, the gain decreases rapidly, thereby ensuring that the wireless signal within the bandwidth is amplified. The interference outside the wireless signal bandwidth is effectively suppressed.

What is a charge pump?

A charge pump is a non-radiative boost device that uses capacitors as energy storage devices instead of inductors. When designing the application, it is necessary to pay attention to the influence of the capacity and material of the capacitor on the output ripple.

What are the characteristics of the zero sequence direction component?

1. The angle between the zero-sequence voltage and the zero-sequence current is diametrically opposite when the short-circuit in the forward direction and the short-circuit in the reverse direction. The action boundary is very clear, so the direction is very clear.
2. The action behavior of the zero-sequence directional element has nothing to do with the load and has nothing to do with the size of the transition resistance.
3. No malfunction when the system oscillates.
4. When the zero-sequence directional element is not running in all phases on the local side of the line, if the bus TV is used, the zero-sequence positive directional element will act. If the line Tv is used, the zero-sequence positive direction element does not act, and the reverse direction element acts. When the zero-sequence direction element is not running in all phases on both sides of the line, the zero-sequence positive direction element moves when the bus TV is used, and the reverse direction element does not move. When sampling the line Tv, the action behavior of the zero-sequence direction element is related to the system parameters, and the zero-sequence positive direction element may or may not act. The method for judging the action behavior of the zero-sequence directional element in the case of short-circuit and non-full-phase operation is: looking in the forward and reverse directions from the TV installation in the zero-sequence network. If the asymmetric point (short-circuit point or disconnection point) is in the positive direction, the zero-sequence element in the positive direction will act, and the element in the opposite direction will not act. If the asymmetric point is in the opposite direction, the forward direction element does not act, and the opposite direction element acts.
5. As long as the zero-sequence voltage is compensated on the line with the series compensation capacitor, the zero-sequence direction element can correctly judge the short-circuit direction.
6. The zero-sequence directional element can only protect the ground fault, and can do nothing for the two-phase ungrounded short circuit and the three-phase short circuit.
7. On the two lines on the same pole, the mutual inductance between the lines is relatively large. If the electrical connection between the two lines is weak, when a grounding short circuit occurs on one line, the longitudinal electromotive force generated by the zero-sequence current of the line on the other non-faulty line through the mutual inductance between the lines may cause the zero-sequence at both ends of the non-faulty line. Sequence direction components are judged as positive short circuit. And cause the zero sequence direction protection of the non-faulty line to malfunction.

What are the methods for deleting and inserting programs?

1. Locate the current editing area to the graphic to be deleted or inserted, click the right mouse button, and select the desired operation in the shortcut menu.
2. Locate the current editing area to the graphic to be deleted or inserted, and execute the corresponding command in the “Edit” menu.
3. Locate the current editing area to the graphic to be deleted, and then press the “Del” key on the keyboard.
4. To delete a certain program, drag the mouse to select the program, and then press the “Del” key on the keyboard, or execute the “Delete Row” or “Delete Column” command in the “Edit” menu.
5. Press the “Ins” key on the keyboard to display “Insert” in the lower right corner of the screen, then move the cursor to the graphic to be inserted, and enter the instruction to be inserted.

What is the optical system of a medical carbon dioxide analyzer?

The optical system of the medical carbon dioxide analyzer consists of an infrared light source, a modulation system, a standard air chamber, a measuring air chamber, and an infrared sensor.

What are the configurations supported by ByteBlaster II?

AS mode: Altera’s AS serial configuration chip (EPCS series) can be programmed.
PS mode: FPGA can be configured.
JTAG method: It can program FPGA, CPLD and Altera configuration chip (EPC series).

Classification of power electronics：

According to the control ability of the device, it is divided into the following three categories:
Semi-controlled devices: thyristor (ThyristororSCR) and most of its derivatives. It is characterized in that the control electrode can only control the turn-on of the device, but cannot control the turn-off.
Fully controlled devices: IGBT, MOSFET, GTO, GTR. It is characterized in that the control electrode can control the turn-on and turn-off of the device.
Uncontrollable device: Diode (PowerDiode) – divided into two categories according to the characteristics of the device control signal: current-driven type – by injecting or extracting current from the control terminal to achieve turn-on or turn-off control. Such as SCR, GTR, GTO. Voltage-driven type – ON or OFF control can be achieved only by applying a certain voltage signal between the control terminal and the common terminal. Its essence is to change the magnitude and on-off state of the current flowing through the device by generating a controllable electric field between the two main circuit terminals of the device through the voltage applied to the control terminal. Therefore, it is also called a field-controlled device, or a field-effect device. Such as IGBT, MOSFET.
According to the situation of the carrier participating in the conduction inside the device, it is divided into three categories: unipolar device – a device in which a carrier participates in conduction. such as MOSFETs. Bipolar Device – A device that conducts electricity with both electrons and holes. Such as SCR, GTR, GTO. Compound Device – A device that is an integrated hybrid of unipolar and bipolar devices. Such as IGBT.
The general working characteristics of power electronic devices: (1) power electronic devices generally work in the on-off state; (2) power electronic devices often need to be controlled by information electronic circuits – drive circuits, control circuits; State loss, switching loss, etc. cause heat generation. Generally, heat dissipation design or radiator installation must be considered during its operation.